{"id":360,"date":"2026-08-14T13:19:06","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T13:19:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/?page_id=360"},"modified":"2026-09-17T14:58:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T14:58:33","slug":"endometrioza-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/endometrioza-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Antiplatelet antibodies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1150246340\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"section-bg-overlay absolute fill\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"is-border\"\n\t\tstyle=\"border-color:rgb(235, 235, 235);border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row row-large align-middle align-center\"  id=\"row-126139999\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-47189030\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner box-shadow-2 box-shadow-5-hover\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);\" >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_954019791\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Trombocyt-obr.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Trombocyt-obr.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Trombocyt-obr-603x400.jpg 603w, https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Trombocyt-obr-768x509.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_954019791 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-47189030 > .col-inner {\n  padding: 15px 15px 15px 15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-218591100\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-center dark\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-4212483955\" class=\"text text-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Co je MAIPA?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>MAIPA (Monoclonal Antibody-specific Immobilization of Platelet Antigen)<\/strong> je kvalitativn\u00ed metoda ur\u010den\u00e1 k detekci a\/nebo identifikaci protil\u00e1tek proti trombocyt\u016fm (krevn\u00edm desti\u010dk\u00e1m).<\/p>\n<p>V oblasti imunologie trombocyt\u016f je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za <strong>zlat\u00fd standard<\/strong> pro vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed protil\u00e1tek proti trombocyt\u016fm.<\/p>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1150246340 {\n  padding-top: 59px;\n  padding-bottom: 59px;\n  min-height: 300px;\n  background-color: rgb(171, 171, 171);\n}\n#section_1150246340 .section-bg-overlay {\n  background-color: #c8af78;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"gap-1850125983\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1850125983 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1809178955\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"section-bg-overlay absolute fill\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"is-border\"\n\t\tstyle=\"border-color:rgb(235, 235, 235);border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-176458763\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-762214361\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-3191843523\" class=\"text text-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>Spole\u010dnost Advanced Practical Diagnostics BV (apDia) z\u00edskala v roce 2023 pro soupravu MAIPA Assay ozna\u010den\u00ed CE v souladu s na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm Evropsk\u00e9ho parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2017\/746 o diagnostick\u00fdch zdravotnick\u00fdch prost\u0159edc\u00edch in vitro (IVD).<\/p>\n<p>Jako jedin\u00e1 komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e1 souprava MAIPA Assay s ozna\u010den\u00edm CE na trhu p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fdznamnou alternativu pro laborato\u0159e, kter\u00e9 dosud vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed in-house metody \u00a0(LDT &#8211; Laboratory Developed Tests). To nab\u00fdv\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho v\u00fdznamu vzhledem k omezen\u00edm vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm z evropsk\u00e9ho na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed IVDR 2017\/746.<\/p>\n<p>Souprava MAIPA Assay je dostupn\u00e1 ve dvou variant\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>96T (REF 900006) &#8211; pro 96 test\u016f<\/li>\n<li>480T (REF 900016) &#8211; pro 480 test\u016f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tato souprava je ur\u010dena k detekci a identifikaci protil\u00e1tek proti trombocyt\u016fm metodou MAIPA.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-3191843523 {\n  color: rgb(0,0,0);\n}\n#text-3191843523 > * {\n  color: rgb(0,0,0);\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1124679943\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Complete-MAIPA-kit-obr-533x400.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Complete-MAIPA-kit-obr-533x400.jpg 533w, https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Complete-MAIPA-kit-obr-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Complete-MAIPA-kit-obr.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1124679943 {\n  width: 48%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-41101601\" class=\"text text-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Screeningov\u00e9 a identifika\u010dn\u00ed trombocyty apDia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>apDia screeningov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky pro detekci protil\u00e1tek proti trombocyt\u016fm a identifika\u010dn\u00ed panelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky jsou vyr\u00e1b\u011bny pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edho patentovan\u00e9ho procesu. Standardizovan\u00fd screeningov\u00fd panel umo\u017e\u0148uje citlivou detekci protil\u00e1tek proti HPA, zat\u00edmco identifika\u010dn\u00ed panel poskytuje spolehlivou mo\u017enost jejich p\u0159esn\u00e9ho ur\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto reagencie v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uj\u00ed standardizaci, manipulaci i organizaci laboratorn\u00edch postup\u016f v imunologii trombocyt\u016f. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed dob\u0159e charakterizovan\u00fdch trombocyt\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje standardizovat metodu MAIPA: trombocytov\u00e9 reagencie apDia umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed typizovan\u00fdch bun\u011bk exprimuj\u00edc\u00edch i vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kombinace antigen\u016f, jako jsou HPA-1 (a-, b+) [2,5 %] a HPA-5 (a-, b+) (m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1 %).<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/><\/strong><strong>Detekce a identifikace alo- nebo autoprotil\u00e1tek proti trombocyt\u016fm je nezbytn\u00e1 pro c\u00edlenou diagnostiku a l\u00e9\u010dbu \u010dty\u0159 hlavn\u00edch klinick\u00fdch stav\u016f v oblasti imunologie krevn\u00edch desti\u010dek:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>FNAIT -fet\u00e1ln\u00ed a neonat\u00e1ln\u00ed aloimunitn\u00ed trombocytopenie,<\/li>\n<li>PTP- potransfuzn\u00ed purpura,<\/li>\n<li>PR &#8211; refrakternost na transfuzi trombocyt\u016f,<\/li>\n<li>ITP -imunitn\u00ed trombocytopenie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V transfuzn\u00ed medic\u00edn\u011b p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159esn\u00e1 identifikace trombocytov\u00fdch protil\u00e1tek kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad pro spr\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9ho postupu a bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed trombocytov\u00fdch transfuz\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/><br \/><\/strong><strong>PROTIL\u00c1TKY PROTI TROMBOCYT\u016eM ZP\u016eSOBUJ\u00cd \u010cTY\u0158I KLINICK\u00c9 PORUCHY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Fet\u00e1ln\u00ed a neonat\u00e1ln\u00ed aloimunitn\u00ed trombocytopenie (FNAIT) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>FNAIT se m\u016f\u017ee vyskytnout b\u011bhem t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, kdy\u017e je matka imunizov\u00e1na proti alogenn\u00edm antigen\u016fm p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm na trombocytech plodu. K tomu m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt, kdy\u017e se antigeny trombocyt\u016f plodu zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 po otci li\u0161\u00ed od antigen\u016f trombocyt\u016f matky a nejsou na nich p\u0159\u00edtomny. V d\u016fsledku t\u00e9to imunizace matka produkuje aloprotil\u00e1tky IgG proti otcovsk\u00fdm antigen\u016fm trombocyt\u016f, kter\u00e9 se pot\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mechanismu zprost\u0159edkovan\u00e9ho neonat\u00e1ln\u00edm Fc-receptorem (FcRn) p\u0159es placentu do krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu plodu. Mate\u0159sk\u00e9 aloprotil\u00e1tky se mohou v\u00e1zat na trombocyty plodu a zp\u016fsobit imunitn\u00ed destrukci krevn\u00edch desti\u010dek v d\u011bloze.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 fet\u00e1ln\u00ed trombocytopenie m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k tvorb\u011b mod\u0159in, (intrakrani\u00e1ln\u00edmu) krv\u00e1cen\u00ed s mo\u017en\u00fdm neurologick\u00fdm po\u0161kozen\u00edm nebo dokonce smrt\u00ed v z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech. U kavkazsk\u00e9 populace je FNAIT nej\u010dast\u011bji spojena s protil\u00e1tkami anti-HPA-1a (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 85\u201390 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f) a v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e s protil\u00e1tkami anti-HPA-5b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Potransfuzn\u00ed purpura (PTP) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PTP je vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 transfuzn\u00ed reakce, kter\u00e1 se m\u016f\u017ee vyvinout do dvou t\u00fddn\u016f po transfuzi jak\u00e9hokoli krevn\u00edho produktu obsahuj\u00edc\u00edho trombocyty (nap\u0159. koncentr\u00e1ty \u010derven\u00fdch krvinek) a m\u016f\u017ee se projevit jako t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 trombocytopenie komplikovan\u00e1 krv\u00e1cen\u00edm a hemoragi\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u011bkdy \u017eivot ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Nej\u010dast\u011bji se vyskytuje u \u017een st\u0159edn\u00edho v\u011bku, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e porodily v\u00edcekr\u00e1t. V\u0161ichni pacienti byli d\u0159\u00edve senzibilizov\u00e1ni v\u016f\u010di HPA aloantigen\u016fm, kter\u00e9 sami nemaj\u00ed, a to b\u011bhem p\u0159edchoz\u00edho t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed nebo krevn\u00ed transfuze. Klinick\u00fd stav PTP je pak p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00ed transfuzi zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n protil\u00e1tkovou odpov\u011bd\u00ed proti t\u011bmto trombocytov\u00fdm aloantigen\u016fm p\u0159i druh\u00e9m kontaktu (re-senzibilizaci) s nekompatibiln\u00edmi transfundovan\u00fdmi trombocyty, kter\u00e9 nesou p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd HPA antigen (antigeny).<\/p>\n<p>V d\u016fsledku toho jsou transfundovan\u00e9 trombocyty zni\u010deny produkovan\u00fdmi aloprotil\u00e1tkami, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje n\u00e1hl\u00fd pokles po\u010dtu trombocyt\u016f. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se jedn\u00e1 o protil\u00e1tku HPA-1a, kterou produkuj\u00ed pacienti\/p\u0159\u00edjemci HPA-1bb. Paradoxn\u011b jsou sou\u010dasn\u011b zni\u010deny i vlastn\u00ed trombocyty pacienta prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mechanismu, kter\u00fd dosud nen\u00ed zcela objasn\u011bn.<\/p>\n<p>PTP je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 samovoln\u011b vymiz\u00ed, s obnoven\u00edm po\u010dtu trombocyt\u016f p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b za 20 dn\u00ed. L\u00e9\u010dba IVIG (intraven\u00f3zn\u00edm imunoglobulinem) je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejoptim\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v prvn\u00ed linii terapie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Refrakternost trombocyt\u016f (PR) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PR je definov\u00e1n jako stav nedostate\u010dn\u00e9ho zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu trombocyt\u016f po transfuzi n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch trombocyt\u016f od d\u00e1rce s identickou krevn\u00ed skupinou ABO. Jedn\u00e1 se o \u010dastou komplikaci u pacient\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed podstupuj\u00ed opakovan\u00e9 transfuze trombocyt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Tento klinick\u00fd stav se m\u016f\u017ee vyvinout, kdy\u017e se pacienti imunizuj\u00ed proti antigen\u016fm HLA t\u0159\u00eddy I a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed anti-HLA protil\u00e1tky, co\u017e vede k hore\u010dnat\u00fdm, nehemolytick\u00fdm transfuzn\u00edm reakc\u00edm. U n\u011bkter\u00fdch pacient\u016f se mohou tak\u00e9 vyvinout protil\u00e1tky anti-HPA, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed specificitou je anti-HPA-5b.<\/p>\n<p>Proto\u017ee imunizovan\u00ed pacienti \u010dasto maj\u00ed protil\u00e1tky proti r\u016fzn\u00fdm antigen\u016fm HLA t\u0159\u00eddy I, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 naj\u00edt kompatibiln\u00ed krevn\u00ed desti\u010dky pro transfuzi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Imunitn\u00ed trombocytopenie (ITP) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ITP je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako idiopatick\u00e1 trombocytopenick\u00e1 purpura. Jedn\u00e1 se o autoimunitn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed charakterizovan\u00e9 imunitn\u011b zprost\u0159edkovanou destrukc\u00ed trombocyt\u016f a inhibic\u00ed jejich produkce.<\/p>\n<p>Posti\u017een\u00ed pacienti vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed autoprotil\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 ni\u010d\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00ed (autologn\u00ed) trombocyty. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se jedn\u00e1 o autoprotil\u00e1tky proti glykoproteinov\u00fdm komplex\u016fm GPIIb\/IIIa a GPIb\/IX trombocyt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>U d\u011bt\u00ed se ITP m\u016f\u017ee objevit po virov\u00e9 infekci a obvykle se uprav\u00ed bez l\u00e9\u010dby. U dosp\u011bl\u00fdch m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt onemocn\u011bn\u00ed vyvol\u00e1no infekc\u00ed HIV, hepatitidou nebo bakteri\u00ed <em>Helicobacter pylori<\/em> a m\u016f\u017ee se jednat o dlouhodob\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-41101601 {\n  color: rgb(0,0,0);\n}\n#text-41101601 > * {\n  color: rgb(0,0,0);\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1809178955 {\n  padding-top: 60px;\n  padding-bottom: 60px;\n  min-height: 300px;\n  background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245);\n}\n#section_1809178955 .section-bg-overlay {\n  background-color: #c8af78;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-360","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/360","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=360"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/360\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":445,"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/360\/revisions\/445"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/astradiag.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=360"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}